To analyze and interpret their relationship with the designer, and providing the relationship of how important … Source Types: Value and Limitations Primary Sources: In general: Values: • provide first-hand knowledge of the events / topics • Give a 'snapshot' of opinion at the time. "The Real-Life Lady Who Inspired Wonder Woman." Once you’ve got your list of targeted questions ready, turn them into a list of general topics that you will have in front of you for the interview. Also dig through Lexis-Nexis or Factiva; each differs in the kinds of articles and transcripts available, so try them all. Reports. A transcript from an interview with Richard Nixon B. Examples of a secondary source are: Publications such as textbooks, magazine articles, book reviews, commentaries, encyclopedias, almanacs Christopher B. Daly, an associate professor of journalism at Boston University, is the author of Covering America: A Narrative History of a Nation’s Journalism. Political Science research methods course. For a sense of how such dynamics may play out, read “Latest Word on the Campaign Trail? As indirect sources of information, they necessarily involve the reinterpretation of the object or event under study. But some reporters will read back sections of stories and ask if there’s anything he or she might like to add. Even if you know the subject’s name (and presumably you do), you should always ask and confirm the spelling; if appropriate, get the name of his or her organization and title. If you’re doing an extended printed Q&A — your questions and their responses — it’s best to do a complete transcription and edit that down (of course making clear to your audience if it has been edited for brevity and clarity.). by Journalist's Resource, The Journalist's Resource June 1, 2016. A book 2. We’re very tribal…. It looks like you're using Internet Explorer 11 or older. They are interpretations and evaluations of primary sources. It can help to start with open-ended questions (“So, tell me about your childhood”) rather than ones to which the subject can give a yes/no answer (“Was your childhood happy?”). letters, photographs, newspapers). When docu-ments, memoirs, and secondary sources provide an initial overview of the events or issues under examination, interviews There will be many an “uh” and “ah” that can be safely omitted, assuming that this does not distort meaning. Use these and books exclusively for writing Literature Reviews. Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0). If the research is what you’re interested in, email other academics cited in the paper and ask them what they think of the findings. Identifying Primary and Secondary Sources Determine if the source would be a Primary Source (P) or a secondary source (S). Ensure that your list also includes the most basic questions: Is the interview on the record? Leave it up to the person you’re interviewing to do the same, however. Web. Similarly, if you insert text for clarity, use brackets. Secondary sources are interpretations and analyses based on primary sources. They will also learn about history from individuals, and compare how different primary and secondary sources teach about the same historic event in different ways. Thus, t “ ” from the direct primary source. Be polite and respectful, but also firm. Don’t give up your professional objectivity, but recognize that you are dealing with human beings who are often just as curious as you are. Establish the rules at the beginning of the interview. Even if you’re working on a long-term project and are just interested in “learning more,” do your best to determine what you’d like to learn. A secondary source of information is one prepared by an individual who was not a direct witness to an event, but who obtained his or her description of the event from someone else. Interviews can add tremendously to your research project. Organization is essential, as is attention to detail and a firm will. By completing this form, you agree to receive communications from The Journalist's Resource and to allow HKS to store your data. A typical example of a secondary source could be a police report. A commentary 6. A wide range of primary source material on the social, political, and economic environments in the US in the 1970s - including A wide range of primary source material on the social, political, and economic environments in the US in the 1970s - including 'U.S. While you can trim the beginning or end of responses without having to indicate with ellipses, if you cut out a sentence or phrase in the middle, they should be used. And prepare to follow up even if things get tense. If you have interviewed a public official, do not, under any circumstances, allow him or her to modify answers that are already on the record. We only ask that you follow, Harvard Kennedy School's Shorenstein Center, Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy, “Latest Word on the Campaign Trail? A primary source is an original object or document from a specific time or event under study.Primary sources include historical and legal documents, interviews, eyewitness accounts, results of experiments, survey data, observations, diaries, paintings, works of literature, ancient pieces of pottery unearthed in Iraq, and much more . As this research project is an exploratory study, the use of semi-structured interviews was used to gain insights from experts from TJG on the research question of market entry strategies for PA entering the UK (Saunders, Lewis & Thornhill 2016). Definitions and Explanations. This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of … National History Day, an annual program for elementary and secondary students designed to "teach essential historical literacy that motivates students to secure the future of democracy," defines primary sources as follows: What is a primary source? If responses go off track or go on too long, gently steer the subject back in the right direction. The basics of preparing, conducting, and editing an interview; with special emphasis on public officials and expert sources. A primary source is an original material created during the time under study. Unless otherwise noted, this site and its contents – with the exception of photographs – are licensed under a Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) license. If so, what? At the conclusion of the interview, thank the interviewee for his or her time and ask if you can be in contact again if there are additional questions; ask for a cell phone number and direct email if you don’t already have them, as they can provide a quicker path to a response. If an important question is sidestepped, ask again. They can be highly specific (“What were you doing at noon on June 12, 2003?”) or general in nature (“Tell me about your work”), as required. Is the person simply a good public servant? As Meghan and Harry spun their tale of … When dealing with private citizens, take particular care in cases where identities, locations and other identifying elements may be sensitive and could expose persons to danger or unneeded distress. A primary source is anything that gives you direct evidence about the people, events, or phenomena that you are researching. Interviews may be conversational, but they are not casual conversations. Joanna Weiss is a writer in Boston and the editor of Experience magazine, published by Northeastern University. Running for higher office? Refrain from including such resources in an annotated bibliography for doctoral level work unless there is a good reason. We only ask that you follow a few basic guidelines. As the interview proceeds, take careful notes, but don’t allow it to become distracting. Special cases: The need for more homework. If you don’t have access to these, contact your local libraries and ask for access to similar databases, such as those through NewsBank. Greg Ip, the U.S. economics editor at The Economist, has this to say about interacting with experts: “If I don’t have a lot of experience in the area, I’ll ask, ‘Can you point me to some other things so I can get a better grounding before we can begin the interview?’ I find that academics are incredibly helpful and patient; they like to talk about their work, because they’re excited by it and publicity is usually good…. The objective of this classroom exercise is to introduce students to the use, comparison, and evaluation of primary source documents. All people are different, of course, and some will talk without end while others barely speak. Prince William breaks his silence on Meghan Markle, Prince Harry interview with Oprah This story has been shared 49,941 times. "A famous incident confirmed that the Second Inaugural represented a different version of history than the ones given by other Anglo-American orators. Many good interviews involve a two-way exchange in which both parties learn something. However, it’s a reporter’s role to decide whether or not to use additional information, not the person interviewed. If you’re having to deal with press officers or public relations people to arrange the interview, they may ask you for a list of topics you want to cover. Eric Foner discusses Lincoln's support for "free labor" in the North as a political platform for the policy of "emancipating slaves" in the South. Start studying 1-5-1 Quiz: Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Sources. First off, regardless of the situation, state that you are a journalist. The interview subject is American University professor Vadim Medish, an immigrant from the Soviet Union who had fought with Soviet forces to repel the Nazi invasion of Russia in the Battle of Stalingrad in World War II. Identifying secondary sources. Create your own unique website with customizable templates. That places them in a target-rich environment, which greatly increases the chances that you will be able to meet people and see things that you would never get otherwise. These seven papers can help inform the discussion. High-level persons typically have limited time in their schedule, so you’ll want to plan your interview questions very carefully. (For student journalists, if you are going to put the article anywhere — including a blog — you should explain that it may be seen publicly.). Extensive information on the use of punctuation in quotes is available in The Chicago Manual of Style. Remember that many experts can be skeptical of journalists because of the media’s general tendency to oversimplify. When the time comes to record, start your device and put it on the table closer to your source than you (it’s his or her words that are important, after all) but ideally in a position that allows you to see the timer. In the image below is a secondary source. This research will explain five researches terminology that includes the case study, interview, primary sources, secondary sources and questionnaires. SNI/SI Networks L.L.C, May 2015. As mentioned, some of the most useful things that you can come away with are documents, so ask if there are reports, spreadsheets, papers, transcripts, etc. Don’t waste someone’s time with factual questions that you should really know yourself. Come informed — in many ways, a journalist is the one person in the community who represents only the public interest and whose job it is to give voice to collective concerns. Magazines. Above all, educate yourself so that you do not walk into an interview unaware of some previous controversial public issue or high-profile accomplishment or failure that serves as important context. Err on the side of more questions rather than fewer, and prioritize them as you go. If you are recording the interview, remember that some people may not say as much on tape — especially if it’s the first time you’ve sat down together. Primary Sources. Secondary Source Interview: Joan Marie Johnson on the Monied Women Who Funded Suffrage Activism Joan Marie Johnson, "Funding Feminism: Monied Women, Philanthropy, and the Women’s Movement, 1870–1967," University of North Carolina Press, October 2017. Remember, too, that one reason people want to have a conversation with a reporter is to learn things they may not know. If you are researching something current, your primary sources can either be qualitative or quantitative datathat y… Lexicons often carry with them judgments. You are free to republish this piece both online and in print, and we encourage you to do so with the embed code provided below. Pritam Singh (born 2 August 1976) is a Singaporean author, lawyer and politician who has served as the secretary-general of the Workers' Party of Singapore since 2018. All communications will include the opportunity to unsubscribe. Maintain your composure. By Christopher B. Daly and Leighton Walter Kille. Singh has been the Member of Parliament (MP) representing the Aljunied Group Representation Constituency (GRC) for Eunos since 7 May 2011. Based on your goals, compile a list of questions you’d like to ask. Books commenting on a historical incident in history are secondary sources. Wants to clear the record on some specific point? Know that most papers, at their root, are simply trying to figure out the logical relationship between several variables and test a hypothesis — try not to be intimidated. The National Institute for Health Care Management (NIHCM) Foundation. This 2008 oral history is an interview conducted by a student at American University. You will almost certainly get better answers and fresh angles for further stories. If something is said of particular interest, it’s helpful to jot down the time in the interview when it occurred — this will greatly speed finding and verifying the quote after the fact. The basics of preparing, conducting, and editing an interview; with special emphasis on public officials and expert sources. If you are planning to ask difficult and uncomfortable questions, structure your questions so that the tougher ones come last, knowing that, sometimes, you may be asked to leave. ¹ Ask permission to record the interview and be sure to mute your mobile phone, particularly if you’re using it as your recording device. The intensity of your preparations may vary depending on the gravity and importance of the interview. If there’s any other basic information you need for the article — say, if it’s on young entrepreneurs born in your state, you’ll need to ask his or her birthplace and age — make sure those questions are on the list. Now that you have the interview, what you do with it depends on how it’s going to be used. Primary sources can be original documents (such as letters, speeches, diaries), creative works (such as art, novels, music and film), published materials of the times (newspapers, magazines, memoirs, etc. These are people who are not directly involved in the news but who spread it or talk about it because they have been privy to information about the event. An overview of an event written by someone who did not witness the event 4. I Take It Back,” in the New York Times. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. Show them you know the subject matter and care enough to read in depth. If the interviewee is someone whom you are seeking out because of his or her particular position or authoritative knowledge of a situation (the deputy transportation commissioner, the CFO of a company, etc. An article 3. After the address, Lincoln asked black abolitionist Frederick Douglass for his opinion, and Douglass responded by calling it “a sacred effort.” Of course Douglass exulted in the president’s speech; for the first time, the matter of racial slavery had been moved to center stage in the evolution of the American republic.". Also ask for access to photos and any other documents or objects that have come up. Which item is an example of a secondary source? You may want to do some advance background interviews with others — especially those who may disagree with your primary interview subject — about key areas of concern. Primary sources will usually be the main objects of your analysis. Secondary sources are not evidence, but rather commentary on and discussion of evidence. In the heat of an interview, it is not always easy to figure out what is important; but documents can be analyzed and studied afterward, when you have time to think. 49,941 Prince Harry inherited over $13M from Diana Smithsonian Channel. Tribes develop language, and I am always wary of that. Interviewing a source: Tips. A primary source is a document or physical object written or created during a time period of study and provides an insider view of the time period, event, person, and/or idea. Secondary Source Documents: Materials that are produced with the benefit of hindsight and materials that filter primary sources through interpretation or evaluation. Remember that you can ask for things to be put on the record at the end of the interview or later on; and you can always ask if there is another way you can confirm information, such as a public record that says the same thing. Primary sources are materials directly related to a topic by time or participation. These texts will have a bibliography and a list of references. If you agree that an interview is all on the record, do not let the subject declare afterwards that something is off the record. Secondary sources – the secondary sources can be said to be the opposite of the above-mentioned primary sources. You should strive to create a natural, though purposeful, conversation. This article first appeared on The Journalist's Resource and is republished here under a Creative Commons license. Definition of a Secondary Source: Secondary Sources are accounts written after the fact with the benefit of hindsight. That means you are free to republish our content both online and in print, and we encourage you to do so via the “republish this article” button. Good interviews with public officials are directed but conversational. that you can take or photocopy that might help your story. Allowing your subject to talk a length early can help put them at ease and open up mutual communication. If your source mentions the name of a person, organization or place, ask for confirmation of the spelling. •A Primary Source is information that was created at the same time as an event or by a person directly involved in the event. The process also begins well before you talk with the other person, be it face to face, on the telephone or over the Internet. Typical secondary sources include: Scholarly Journal Articles. Picture Books and Primary Sources: Interview with Donna Janell Bowman, Author of King of the Tightrope By Tom Bober on 10/23/2019 • ( 1). The following are key things to keep in mind for these two special classes of sources: For research experts, don’t just show up or call to “get a quote”; do enough reading of his or her materials that you show respect and can speak a little of the expert’s professional language. An encyclopaedia An example of a sub-par question would be asking a political scientist: “How many electoral votes does our state have?” An example of a good question might be: “What factors might influence the vote in our state?” That doesn’t mean you can’t ask simple, direct questions; just ensure they aren’t things you could learn on your own perfectly easily. Literature. When interviewing public officials and people in the news, know the job that he or she does — what their powers, limits and constraints are. Secondary Sources. 237, NOV 1977,” VCU Libraries Gallery, accessed May 22, 2015, (a digitized view of the original comic) Smithsonian Institution. Also come to the interview with a sense of his or her agenda. Use secondary sources to obtain an overview of a topic and/or identify primary resources. Slavery was opposed to this ideal. If the interview is taking place in person and you have business cards, bring some with you. HKS will never sell your email address or other information to a third party. Primary Sources: What Are They? If you are researching the past, you cannot directly access it yourself, so you need primary sources that were produced at the time by participants or witnesses (e.g. That doesn’t mean you can’t let the topic of discussion move in unexpected ways — indeed, this can sometimes be to your advantage — but make sure you get what you came for. It will be much harder to do this hours or days later. If you need to search historical news, a good choice is ProQuest. Primary sources can include: Texts of laws and other original documents. In the previous tab you were able to see an image of a primary source, a scholarly journal article discussing the health impact of green tea in relation to cancer. A project of Harvard Kennedy School's Shorenstein Center and the Carnegie-Knight Initiative, Journalist’s Resource curates, summarizes and contextualizes high-quality research on newsy public policy topics. Frame the question so that it does not become a debate and consider triangulating so it does not become personal: For example, use the phrasing “Your critics have said… What do you say?”, Pulitzer Prize-winning investigative journalist Ron Suskind advises reporters about interviews as follows: “Be honest; and always say, ‘Please explain this to me in words so I can understand it.’ People live inside a lexicon. When I say, ‘Explain that to me in terms I can understand,’ then sources start to get more fundamental and elemental.”, For particular issues relating to business leaders, see the tip sheet “Writing a Compelling Company or CEO Profile.”. ), institutional and government documents (treaties, laws, court cases, marriage records) or relics and … Do not let anyone get you to agree to have quotations approved before they are used in your story; it is not good journalistic practice and does not serve your audience in an honest way. ), you need to put in sufficient time researching previous news articles written about that person and other relevant background. If the interviewee seems to become angry or upset, stay calm and ask the question in another way. It may be the only time an official has to be accountable for certain things, and it is in this way that journalists play a special role — with special responsibilities and burdens — in a democracy. Established from Other Sources Elite interview data are rarely consid-ered in isolation, and the goal of col-lecting such data is often to confirm information that has already been col-lected from other sources. Newspaper reports, by reporters who witnessed an event or who quote people who did. In any case, find a quiet location to talk. If your point of reference is a book, an article, or an overview of an event, the chances are that it is a secondary source. As we continue to explore picture book authors who utilize primary sources in their research, I was excited to interview … The conversation about newsroom diversity, race in journalism and coverage of race in the news is one the profession has been circling back to for decades. Primary Source Secondary Source Tertiary Source “Wonder Woman: The Secret Origin of Wonder Woman no. www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=100694897, www.nysarchivestrust.org/apt/magazine/archivesmag_winter09_horton.shtml, books.google.com/books?id=B0zkgCdoIm0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=giants+-+parallel+lives+of+Frederick+Douglass&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjo1auAipLOAhUH0mMKHSc5ASUQ6AEIHjAA#v=onepage&q=giants%20-%20parallel%20lives%20of%20Frederick%20Douglass&f=false, books.google.com/books?id=rK0ThVhgcbAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=James+Oakes&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjwm4CQgJLOAhUgS2MKHUHPBfoQ6AEIMDAD#v=onepage&q=James%20Oakes&f=false​​, quod.lib.umich.edu/j/jala/2629860.0018.204/--last-best-hope-of-earth-abraham-lincoln-and-the-promise?rgn=main;view=text;q1=Lincoln%20and%20Douglass;hi=1. Reserve your right to ask any question that you deem relevant during the interview itself. Novels, poems, plays, short stories, letters, diaries, manuscripts, autobiographies, interviews, personal accounts The same rule applies there: Prepare, prepare, prepare. Most experts’ Web pages feature links to their work; for academics, also search Google Scholar and other databases. Tip sheets and explainers to help journalists understand academic research methods, find and recognize high-quality research, and avoid missteps when reporting on new studies and public opinion polls. Using archival research, original interviews, autobiographies and secondary sources Mills examines the politics of the BBC, arguably the most influential and trusted news organisation in the UK. Harvard Kennedy School is committed to protecting your personal information. By doing so, you may earn a trusted source who can help you in the future. Primary Sources are immediate, first-hand accounts of a topic, from people who had a direct connection with it. It is unethical to fool or mislead people. Though it is not good professional practice to give questions in advance to sources such as public officials, with experts you may want to email some general questions before speaking on the phone or in person. If you only need a few quotes, you can jump to those points in the recording based on the times you jotted down. The politician and the abolitionist were converging, and with good reason...." "Lincoln sharpened his message and urged his fellow Republicans not to become distracted by secondary issues but to stand by the "great principle" that united the party: "Slavery is a moral, political, and social wrong, and ought to be treated as a wrong." Encyclopedias. Once an official realizes your ignorance, it would be very easy for him or her to sidestep questions or give easy answers, if that’s what he or she wants to do. For example, an autobiography is a primary source while a biography is a secondary source. By studying research on how the news media portray Asian Americans, journalists can gain insights into how their work is perceived and its consequences. While you can give them a general sense of topics, resist agreeing that you will stick only to those topics and definitely don’t send the questions you’ve compiled. Gather the tools of the trade: voice or video recorder (make sure it’s fully charged and tested; if you’re really cautious, you can bring a backup unit), reporter’s notebook, pen or pencil (always carry a backup), laptop. Political cartoons can be tricky because they can be considered either primary or secondary. Examples of secondary sources are: 1. Leighton Walter Kille is research editor of Journalist’s Resource. If at all possible, arrange to conduct the interview at the subject’s home or workplace (whichever is more appropriate).
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